Preclerkship Medical Students' Use of Third-Party Learning Resources.

Importance: Undergraduate medical education increasingly relies on asynchronous, virtual learning; and medical educators have observed students engaging in self-directed learning outside of their institutional curriculum using widely available third-party resources. If medical educators better understand how students are learning, they may uncover novel opportunities to improve preclerkship education. Objective: To explore how and why preclerkship medical students use third-party learning resources. Design, Setting, and Participants: This qualitative study recruited second-year medical students from 7 public and private allopathic US medical schools and conducted 7 virtual focus groups (1 per institution) from September 2022 to January 2023, exploring how and why students use third-party resources. Data were iteratively analyzed in parallel with focus groups using constructivist grounded theory methodology. Data analysis was performed from October 2022 to February 2023. Results: Fifty-eight second-year US medical students who had used a third-party resource at least once participated; 36 (61%) identified as women; 13 (23%) identified as Asian, 6 (11%) as Black, 30 (53%) as White, 6 (11%) as multiracial, and 4 (7%) as other; 6 (10%) identified as Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin, and 52 (90%) identified as non-Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin; 48 (83%) were aged 23 to 25 years. Participants described engaging in a cyclical process of deciding whether and how to use third-party resources. Four broad themes were identified: (1) hearing about resources, (2) selecting resources, (3) using resources, and (4) tensions and possible solutions. Participants largely heard about third-party resources from peers and turned to resources out of dissatisfaction with some aspect of their medical school curriculum. Students used resources in various ways that were user-dependent and context-dependent. Participants endorsed multiple benefits over their in-house curricula, particularly efficiency, clarity, and concision. Tensions included navigating resource drawbacks and the perception of an antagonistic relationship between medical schools and third-party resources. Participants suggested that medical schools examine the resources, recommend specific ones, integrate them into the curriculum, and subsidize their cost. Conclusions and Relevance: In this qualitative study of preclerkship medical student use of third-party resources, participants perceived that the resources had numerous benefits for learning and suggested that medical schools should more formally acknowledge and integrate their use.

Metodología 'SLIDE-4-U' para implicar al alumnado en el desarrollo de la clase presencial / How to involve students in the development of the face-to-face class: the 'SLIDE-4-U' methodology

Introducción: Desde hace unos años, tanto en grupos grandes como pequeños, y principalmente en clases en línea, se hapuesto en práctica la metodología ‘SLIDE-4-U’ o ‘una diapositiva para ti’ (2020PID-UB/023), con el objetivo de implicar alestudiante en su propio proceso de aprendizaje y en el de sus compañeros. Se consiguió mediante la participación delalumnado en la explicación en clase de diapositivas específicamente diseñadas para este fin. Métodos: La experiencia se llevó a cabo en el primer semestre del curso 2021-22 en la asignatura Nutrición Molecular delgrado de Nutrición Humana y Dietética (Universitat de Barcelona). Se preparó una sesión de seminario presencial centrada en inmunonutrición. El profesor dirigió la sesión seleccionando de forma aleatoria al estudiante, que debía explicar ladiapositiva sin preparación previa. Las explicaciones del alumnado fueron complementadas o corregidas por el profesordurante el desarrollo de la actividad. Al final del seminario se realizó una encuesta de opinión en la que se constató labuena aceptación de esta iniciativa (puntuaciones medias superiores a 4,2 sobre 5). Resultados: El alumnado consideró que era un reto explicar una diapositiva sin prepararla previamente y que este hecho,asociado a no saber quién haría la explicación, había provocado un cierto clima de nerviosismo. Ahora bien, la mayoríaestaba de acuerdo en que los esquemas/imágenes aportados fueron suficientes para poder desarrollar la actividad y quelas explicaciones hechas por los compañeros eran suficientemente correctas. Asimismo, también valoraban positivamente la participación del profesor a la hora de completar las explicaciones de sus compañeros. En general, la metodologíautilizada hizo que el alumnado fuera más consciente de que las diapositivas tienen una estructura y un objetivo, y de ladificultad de comunicar correctamente...(AU)

Introduction: Lately, both in large and small groups and mainly in online classes, the 'SLIDE-4-U' or 'one slide for you' methodology (2020PID-UB/023) has been put into practice, with the aim of involving the student in their own learning process and that of their classmates. It is achieved through the participation of the students in the explanation of slides in class, specially designed for this purpose. Methods: The experience was carried out in the first semester of the 2021-22 academic year in the subject Molecular Nutrition of the Human Nutrition and Dietetics degree (Universitat de Barcelona). A face-to-face seminar session focused on immunonutrition was prepared with this type of material. The teacher led the session by randomly selecting the student, who had to explain the slide without prior preparation. The explanations of the students were complemented and/or corrected by the teacher, during the development of the activity. At the end of the seminar, an opinion survey was carried out in which the good acceptance of this initiative was verified (average scores higher than 4.2 out of 5). Results: The students considered that it was a challenge to explain a slide without previously preparing it, and that this fact, associated with not knowing who would do the explanation, had caused a certain climate of nervousness. However, the majority agreed that the diagrams/images provided were sufficient to be able to carry out the activity and that the explanations made by the classmates were correct enough. Likewise, they also positively valued the teacher's participation when completing the explanations of their classmates. In general, the methodology used made the students more aware that the slides have a structure and an objective, and of the difficulty of communicating correctly...(AU)

Cursos en línea abiertos y masivos: oportunidad de aprendizaje sobre salud global en Latinoamérica / Massive open online courses: learning opportunities about global health for Latin American countries

Introducción. Los cursos en línea, masivos y abiertos, brindan la oportunidad de formar profesionales e investigadores en Latinoamérica sobre salud global. Objetivos. Determinar la oferta global de los cursos en línea, masivos y abiertos, sobre salud global y conocer las características de su contenido. Materiales y métodos. Se examinaron las plataformas especializadas en cursos en línea, masivos y abiertos, para recopilar aquellos sobre salud global. La búsqueda no tuvo restricción de tiempo y se realizó por última vez en noviembre de 2021. La estrategia de búsqueda solo incluyó el descriptor "global health". Posteriormente, se obtuvieron las características del curso, su contenido y el dominio abordado de salud global. Estos datos fueron analizados descriptivamente, y se reportaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados. La estrategia de búsqueda identificó 4.724 cursos en línea, masivos y abiertos. De ellos, solo 92 estaban relacionados con salud global. La mayoría de estos cursos (n=44; 47,8 %) se ofrecieron mediante la plataforma Coursera. Más de la mitad de los cursos (n=50; 54,4 %) fueron realizados por instituciones de Estados Unidos y en idioma inglés (n=90; 97,8 %). La mayor parte de los cursos se centró en la "globalización de la salud y la asistencia sanitaria" (n=24; 26,1 %), seguido de los dominios "fortalecimiento de capacidades" (n=16; 17,4 %), "carga global de enfermedad" y "determinantes sociales y ambientales de la salud" (n=15; 16,3 %). Conclusiones. Se encontró una importante oferta de cursos en línea, masivos y abiertos, sobre salud global. Estos cursos abordaron las competencias de la salud global que se requieren para los profesionales sanitarios.

Introduction. Massive open online courses provide the opportunity to train health professionals and researchers from Latin America in global health. Objective. To determine the global offer of massive open online courses in global health and the characteristics of their content. Material and methods. We examined massive open online course platforms to compile the global health offerings. The search had no time restriction and was last conducted in November, 2021. The search strategy only included the descriptor "global health". We obtained the characteristics of the courses, their content, and the global health domain covered. These data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, reporting absolute and relative frequencies. Results. Our search strategy identified 4,724 massive open online courses. Of these, only 92 were related to global health. Most of these courses (n=44; 47.8%) were offered through Coursera. More than half (n=50; 54.4%) of the MOOCs were conducted by U.S.A. institutions and in English language (n=90; 97.8%). Most courses focused on "globalization of health and healthcare" (n=24; 26.1%), followed by the domains "capacity building" (n=16; 17.4%), "global burden of disease" and "social and environmental determinants of health" (n=15; 16.3%). Conclusions. We found a high offer of massive open online courses on global health. These courses covered the global health competencies required for health professionals.

Self-directed learning assessment practices in undergraduate health professions education: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: The goal of this systematic review was to examine self-directed learning (SDL) assessment practices in undergraduate health professions education. METHODS: Seven electronic databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, ERIC, CINAHL, Scopus, and Web of Science) to retrieve English-language articles published between 2015 and July of 2022, investigating assessment of SDL learning outcomes. Extracted data included the sample size, field of study, study design, SDL activity type, SDL assessment method, number of SDL assessments used, study quality, number of SDL components present utilising the framework the authors developed, and SDL activity outcomes. We also assessed relationships between SDL assessment method and number of SDL components, study quality, field of study, and study outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 141 studies included, the majority of study participants were medical (51.8%) or nursing (34.8%) students. The most common SDL assessment method used was internally-developed perception surveys (49.6%). When evaluating outcomes for SDL activities, most studies reported a positive or mixed/neutral outcome (58.2% and 34.8%, respectively). There was a statistically significant relationship between both number and type of assessments used, and study quality, with knowledge assessments (median-IQR 11.5) being associated with higher study quality (p < 0.001). Less than half (48.9%) of the studies used more than one assessment method to evaluate the effectiveness of SDL activities. Having more than one assessment (mean 9.49) was associated with higher quality study (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our systematic review suggest that SDL assessment practices within undergraduate health professions education vary greatly, as different aspects of SDL were leveraged and implemented by diverse groups of learners to meet different learning needs and professional accreditation requirements. Evidence-based best practices for the assessment of SDL across undergraduate healthcare professions education should include the use of multiple assessments, with direct and indirect measures, to more accurately assess student performance.

Licentîa hypomnema: reflections and perceptions in teacher education / Licentîa hypomnema: reflexões e percepções na formação de educadoras(es) / Licentîa hypomnema: reflexiones y percepciones en la formación del profesorado

Student protagonism is paramount in the knowledge construction process. In this paper, we discuss a didactic-pedagogical resource called licentîa hypomnema (LH), inspired in portfolios and learning diaries in which student-teachers record their understandings and reflections regarding pedagogical topics learned at University in a meta-learning process on learning about teaching. The initial context of the research was a Psychological Development and Teaching course, offered in the Teacher Education program at Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Two of the authors, then Literacy and Languages Teaching students, produced their LH and peer assessed each other during the course. In their annotations, the student-authors recorded two pedagogical situations related to the use of LH in their own teaching practices, causing an impact on their formative path. These materials consist of the data for analysis and discussion. Moreover, we discuss possible uses of reflexive writing in teacher education and other learning contexts. Producing a LH supports knowledge production and allows students to connect theory and practice, which consequently influences the student's teaching practice. Since LH is a didactic-pedagogical resource and not a close-ended tool, both the context and individuals who use it should be considered.(AU)

O protagonismo de estudantes tem grande importância no processo de construção do conhecimento. Neste artigo, discutimos um recurso didático-pedagógico chamado licentîa hypomnema (LH), inspirado em portfólios e diários de aprendizagem, isto é, estudantes de licenciatura escrevem suas compreensões e reflexões acerca de assuntos pedagógicos vistos na universidade em um processo de meta-aprendizagem sobre aprender a ensinar. O contexto inicial da pesquisa foi um curso de Desenvolvimento Psicológico e Ensino, ministrado em cursos de Licenciatura da Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Duas das autoras eram estudantes do curso de Letras, elas produziram seus LH, realizando avaliação por pares entre si durante o curso. As estudantes-autoras trouxeram em seus registros duas situações pedagógicas relacionadas ao uso desse recurso em suas próprias práticas de ensino que causaram um impacto em suas trajetórias formativas. São esses relatos que compõem os dados para análise e discussão. Além disso, procuramos discutir possíveis desdobramentos para o uso do recurso da escrita reflexiva na formação docente e em outros contextos de aprendizagem. A produção do LH fornece suporte para a produção de conhecimento e permite ao aluno conectar teoria e prática, o que, consequentemente, reverbera na prática de ensino do aluno. O LH é um recurso didático-pedagógico e não uma ferramenta fechada, portanto, tanto o contexto quanto as pessoas que o utilizam devem ser considerados.(AU)

El protagonismo de los estudiantes tiene gran importancia en el proceso de construcción del conocimiento. En este trabajo, discutimos un recurso didáctico-pedagógico llamado licentîa hypomnema (LH), que se inspira en diarios de aprendizaje, es decir, estudiantes de profesorado escriben sus comprensiones y reflexiones sobre temas pedagógicos aprendidos en la universidad, produciendo un proceso de meta-aprendizaje sobre aprender a enseñar. El contexto inicial de la investigación fue un curso de Desarrollo Psicológico y Enseñanza, impartido en el programa de Formación de Profesores de la Universidade de Brasília (UnB). Dos de las autoras eran alumnas de la carrera de Letras que produjeron sus LH y realizaron una evaluación por pares mutua durante el curso. Las estudiantes autoras plantearon en su LH dos situaciones pedagógicas relacionadas con el uso de este recurso en sus propias prácticas de enseñanza, causando un impacto en su trayectoria formativa. Estos materiales constituyen los datos para el análisis y la discusión en esta investigación. Buscamos discutir posibles desdoblamientos para el uso del recurso de la escritura reflexiva en la formación docente y en otros contextos de aprendizaje. La producción de este recurso da soporte a la producción de conocimiento y permite al estudiante conectar teoría y práctica, lo que consecuentemente repercute en su práctica docente. El LH es un recurso didáctico-pedagógico y no una herramienta cerrada, por lo tanto, se debe considerar tanto el contexto como las personas que lo utilizan.(AU)

Evaluación de un curso online de educación sexual integral escolar de autoaprendizaje para público en general: curso MOOC / Evaluation of a comprehensive scholar sexual education course self-learning online to general population: MOOC course

Introducción: La educación sexual integral escolar es recomendada por la UNESCO, la OMS, la UNICEF y las NN.UU. Objetivo: Evaluación de un curso de educación sexual integral escolar on line de autoaprendizaje para público general, tipo MOOC (Massive Online Open Course), gratuito. Método: Constituido por 17 capítulos, 17 conferencias, 213 preguntas, 14 videos/talleres con 76 preguntas, curso en radio FM 102.5 UCH y 3 películas originales. Sin fecha de término. Resultados: Se inscribieron voluntariamente 230 estudiantes: el 88% provenientes de Chile, el 6% del extranjero y el 6% sin identificación. El 93% eran menores de 29 años, el 60% de sexo femenino y el 94% con educación media o universitaria. El tiempo de ejecución del curso fue menos de 50 días en el 6%, de 100 a 300 días en el 78,7%, y de 301 a 399 días en el 15%. De los 751 inscritos a diciembre de 2021, terminaron el primer módulo 230 (30,6%), el segundo 207 (28%), el tercero 199 (26%), el cuarto 184 (25%) y el quinto 177 (24%). De los 230 que iniciaron el primer módulo terminaron el curso 177 (77%). La evaluación final del cumplimiento de los objetivos de los cinco módulos del curso como bueno/excelente fue la siguiente: primero 89%, segundo 91%, tercero 92%, cuarto 93% y quinto 94%; para los cinco módulos fue 92% (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]: 90,9-92,7). La evaluación final de la calidad del desarrollo del curso como buena/excelente fue la siguiente: primero 92% (IC95%: 90,5-94,0) segundo 92% (IC95%: 90,1-93,9%), tercero 93% (IC95%: 91,2-94,9%), cuarto 94% (IC95%: 91,8-95,4%) y quinto 96% (IC95%: 92,0-98,4%); para los cinco módulos fue 93% (IC95%: 92,1-93,7%). Conclusiones: La evaluación de los participantes en el Cumplimiento de los Objetivos y en la Calidad del Desarrollo, en los 19 temas temas del curso alcanza un promedio de 92% y 93%, respectivamente.

Introduction: The comprehensive scholar sexual education is recommended by UNESCO, WHO, UNICEF and UN. Objective: Evaluation of comprehensive scholar sexual education course for general public, MOOC free. Method: On line course with 17 chapters, 17 conferences, 213 questions, 14 videos/workshops with 76 questions, course FM Radio 102.5 and 3 original films. Without date of term. Results: 230 free and voluntary student inscriptions: 88% were coming from Chile, 6% from other countries and 6% without identification. 93% were 29 years old or less, 60% were women and 94% with high school or university education. The periods of course execution were: 50 days or less in 6%, between 100 and 300 days in 78.7% and between 301 and 399 days in 15% on. From the 751 initial inscriptions at December/2021, 230 complete the first module (30,6%), 207 (28%) the second module, 199 (26%) the third module, 184 (25%) the fourth module and 177 (24%) the fifth module. From 230 initial of first module, finish 177 (77%). The final evaluation of the mastery of course objectives as good and excellent were: first module 89%, second module 91%, third module 92%, fourth module 93% and fifth module 94%; for the total course was 92% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 90.9-92.7). The course development quality were qualified as good and excellent in 92% (95%CI: 90.5-94.0) first module, 92% (95%CI: 90.1-93.9%) second module, 93% (95%CI: 91.2-94.9%) third module, 94% (95%CI:91.8-95.4%) fourth module and 96% (95%CI: 92.0-98.4%) fifth module; for the total course 93% (95%CI: 92.1-93.7%). Conclusions: The participants evaluation of the course, was 92% and 93% for the Mastery and Development Quality, respectively.

Adaptación al contexto universitario español y propiedades psicométricas del MSLQ: Contribución a la medida y análisis de las diferencias de género del aprendizaje autorregulado / Adaptation to the Spanish university context and psychometric properties of the MSLQ: Contributions to the measurement and analysis of gender differences of self-regulated learning

Una dificultad para el avance en la investigación del aprendizaje autorregulado en general, y las diferencias de género en particular, está relacionada con la medida de los diferentes componentes y procesos autorregulatorios. Por ello, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo adaptar y analizar 1) la estructura interna, fiabilidad e invarianza en función del género del Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) en español y 2) las diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en las dimensiones y subdimensiones del MSLQ. Han participado 428 estudiantes universitarios (73,7% mujeres). Los resultados han evidenciado que esta adaptación es más breve que la versión original y presenta mejores propiedades métricas que otras versiones. La herramienta posee una estructura y pesos factoriales comunes (invariancia métrica) para varones y mujeres que garantiza la validez de las comparaciones por género. Se han hallado diferencias de moderadas a altas a favor de las mujeres en el valor concedido a la tarea, distintas estrategias de aprendizaje y ansiedad ante los exámenes. Este estudio da respuesta a la necesidad de contar en España con un instrumento adaptado culturalmente a nuestro contexto, válido y fiable y ahonda en las diferencias de género en el aprendizaje autorregulado, constructo clave para desarrollar con éxito la formación académica en la actualidad.(AU)

A challenge in advancing research into self-regulated learning in general, and gender differences in particular, is relatedto the measurement of various components and self-regulatory processes of it. Therefore, this study aims to adaptinto Spanish and analyzes 1) the internal structure, reli-ability, and gender invariance of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) and 2) the differences between males and females in the MSLQ dimensions and subdimensions. Participants consisted of 428 university students (73.7% women). Results showed that this adaptation is shorter than the original and has better metric properties than other ver-sions. Also, invariance analysis showed that for men and women, the in-strument possesses a common structure and loads (metric invariance) that guarantees valid score comparisons by gender. Moderate to high differ-ences were found in women’s favor in the value given to homework, dif-ferent learning strategies, and anxiety before examinations. This study re-sponds to theneed for a culturally adapted, valid, and reliable instrument in Spain and delves into gender differences in self-regulated learning, a key building block to successfully develop academic training at the presenttimes.(AU)

Education Psychology and Learning Performance: Does Mental Skills and Mental Techniques influences Learning Performance? A Survey Study on Indonesian Educational Institutions

The prime objective of this study is to investigate the role of education psychology in learning performance of students. To address this objective, cognitive aspect of education psychology is preferred in relation to the learning behavior and learning performance of students among the higher educational institutions of Indonesia. Although, education psychology remained under discussion in literature, however, earlier studies have not considered the cognitive aspect of education psychology in the presence of learning behavior and learning performance of students. A survey is carried out among the higher educational institutions of Indonesia. Data collection is made by using questionnaire. After analyzing the data through artistical tool, it is found that; education psychology has major importance among the educational institutions. As education psychology has positive role to promote learning performance of students. Cognitive aspects of education psychology such as foundation skills, interpersonal skills, mental imagery and self-task has important contribution to achieve positive student behavior and higher learning performance.(AU)

Efectividad del portafolio virtual autorreflexivo en el aprendizaje autodirigido de los estudiantes de Cirugía I de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego en Trujillo, Perú / Effectiveness of the self-reflective virtual portfolio in the self-directed learning of Surgery I students of the School of Medicine of the Antenor Orrego Private University in Trujillo, Peru

Introducción: El portafolio educativo sirve como instrumento usado en el proceso de desarrollo de capacidades reflexivas y de aprendizaje autodirigido (AAD) en la formación de profesionales de la salud. El objetivo de la presente investigación de tipo pretest y postest de un solo grupo fue evaluar la efectividad del portafolio virtual autorreflexivo en el aprendizaje autodirigido en los estudiantes del curso de Cirugía I en el semestre académico 2019-I de la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego.Material y métodos.Se analizó una base de datos que incluyó a 189 estudiantes (75 hombres y 114 mujeres). Para la evaluación del AAD se utilizó la escala validada de Fisher, King y Tague, conformada por tres dimensiones y 40 ítems (autogestión: 13 ítems; deseo de aprendizaje: 12 ítems, y autocontrol: 15 ítems).Resultados.En esta cohorte de estudiantes hubo un incremento significativo en la puntuación global del AAD al final del curso, en comparación con su nivel inicial después de la aplicación del portafolio virtual autorreflexivo (p = 0). Asimismo, este instrumento fue efectivo en la mejora en las dimensiones autogestión (p = 0), deseo de aprendizaje (p = 0) y autocontrol (p = 0).ConclusiónEl portafolio autorreflexivo es una herramienta educativa efectiva en la mejora del AAD. (AU)

Introduction: The educational portfolio serves as an instrument used in the process of development of reflective capacities and self-directed learning (SDL) in the training of health professionals. The objective of the present investigation of a single group pre-test and post-test type was to evaluate the effectiveness of the self-reflective virtual portfolio in self-directed learning in students of the Surgery I course in the academic semester 2019-I of the Universidad Privada Antenor Orrego School of Medicine, Trujillo, Perú.Material and methods.A database that included 189 students (75 men and 114 women) was analyzed. For the evaluation of the SDL, the validated scale of Fisher, King and Tague was used, made up of three dimensions and 40 items (self-management: 13 items, desire to learn: 12 items, and self-control: 15 items).Results.In this cohort of students, there was a significant increase in the overall SDL score at the end of the course, compared to its initial level, after the application of the self-reflective virtual portfolio (p = 0). Likewise, this instrument was effective in improving the dimensions of self-management (p = 0), desire to learn (p = 0) and self-control (p = 0).Conclusion.The self-reflective portfolio is an effective educational tool in enhancing SDL. (AU)

Autoetnografia colaborativa em tempos de pandemia: uma experiência de ensinoaprendizagem terapêutica e decolonial / Autoetnografía colaborativa en tiempos de pandemia: una experiencia de enseñanza-aprendizaje terapéutica y decolonial / Collaborative autoethnography in pandemic times: a therapeutic and decolonial teachinglearning experience

Esta Autoetnografia colaborativa teve como objetivo compreender a experiência de três estudantes em disciplina de Autoetnografia no programa de pós-graduação na Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais durante o período inicial da pandemia de Covid-19. Para tal, os diários de campo e as produções autoetnográficas dos estudantes - textos, poemas, fotografias, arquivos em áudio e arquivos em vídeo com performances ou dança - foram analisados. Destacaram-se os diversos aspectos terapêuticos e decoloniais que a Autoetnografia oportuniza pelo exercício metacognitivo. A disciplina humanizou o ambiente acadêmico proporcionando interconexão das ciências convencionais com as artes e a cultura. Este trabalho aponta os benefícios da Autoetnografia para a formação de profissionais de saúde críticos e reflexivos, especialmente os farmacêuticos, por promover competências apropriadas ao cuidado centrado na pessoa. (AU)

Esta autoetnografía tuvo el objetivo de comprender la experiencia de tres estudiantes de la asignatura de Autoetnografía en el programa de postgrado en la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad Federal de Minas Gerais durante el período inicial de la pandemia de Covid-19. Para ello, se analizaron los diarios de campo y las producciones autoetnográficas de los estudiantes: textos, poemas, fotografías, archivos de audio y archivos de video con performances o danza. Se destacaron los diversos aspectos terapéuticos y decoloniales a los que la Autoetnografía da oportunidad a partir del ejercicio metacognitivo. La asignatura humanizó el ambiente académico, proporcionando interconexión de las ciencias convencionales con las artes y la cultura. Este trabajo señala los beneficios de la Autoetnografía para la formación de profesionales de salud críticos y reflexivos, especialmente los farmacéuticos, por promover competencias apropiadas al cuidado centrado en la persona. (AU)

This collaborative autoethnography aimed to understand the experience of three students in an Autoethnography course in a graduate program at the Minas Gerais Federal University School of Pharmacy during the initial stages of the Covid-19 pandemic. To this end, the students' field journals and autoethnographic data - such as texts, poems, photographs, audio and video files with performances or dance - were analysed. The study highlighted multiple therapeutic and decolonial facets of autoethnography that arise from its metacognitive practice. This course humanized the academic environment, providing interconnectivity of conventional sciences with arts and culture. This research points out the benefits of including autoethnography in the training of health professionals as its critical and reflective features promote cultural and humanistic competences useful to person-centered care, which are very relevant to pharmacists. (AU)

El reto de la Educación 4. 0 a nivel universitario de cara a la emergencia por COVID-19 / The challenge of Education 4. 0 at the university level in the face of the COVID-19 emergency

El cierre de universidades, generado por la pandemia de la COVID-19, ha llevado a los países del mundo entero a enfrentar el desafío de la educación remota de emergencia. En latinoamérica, las acciones implementadas para prevenir la propagación del virus obligaron a los ministerios de Educación de la región al cierre de los centros educativos, dejando en marzo de 2020 más de 165 millones de estudiantes sin educación presencial. A partir de las realidades expuestas, una educación 4.0 que promueve al aprendizaje no sólo de habilidades y conocimientos. Bajo el modelo pedagógico aula inversa presencial y a distancia, se evaluo el aprendizaje autodirigido global y por dominios, sobre sobre las enfermedades infectocontagiosas y precauciones de aislamiento en la atención hospitalaria, en los estudiantes universitarios de enfermería, se valoran por los dominios de la Escala de Preparación para el Aprendizaje Autodirigido. De 144, estudiantes la edad fue de 21,73± 1,27 años, para ambos grupos AIP y AID, de los cuales, el 61,81% (n=89) son del sexo femenino, la EPAD para AIP fue de 3,64 ± 0,84 y para AIP de 3,89± 0,93 y un el alfa de Cronbach de 0,89. El nivel de aprendizaje autodirigido de los estudiantes en un aula invertida en ambas modalidades fue similar, se explica porque de la enseñanza interactiva, sincrónica y orientada a la resolución de problemas, y desarrollar las habilidades blandas son capacidades comunicativas, de trabajo en equipo, adaptabilidad, empatía, proactividad, autocrítica y flexibilidad frente a situaciones cambiantes(AU)

The closure of universities, generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has led countries around the world to face the challenge of emergency remote education. In Latin America, the actions implemented to prevent the spread of the virus forced the Ministries of Education in the region to close educational centers, leaving in March 2020 more than 165 million students without face-to-face education. Based on the exposed realities, a 4.0 education that promotes learning not only of skills and knowledge. Under the face-to-face and distance learning inverse classroom pedagogical model, global and domain self-directed learning was evaluated on infectious and contagious diseases and isolation precautions in hospital care, in ursing university students, the domains of the Scale were evaluated. Preparation for Self-Directed Learning. Of 144 students, the age was 21.73± 1.27 years, for both AIP and AID groups, of which 61.81% (n=89) were female, the EPAD for AIP was 3 0.64 ± 0.84 and for AIP 3.89 ± 0.93 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.89. The level of self-directed learning of the students in a flipped classroom in both modalities was similar, it is explained because of the interactive, synchronous and problem-solving oriented teaching, and the development of soft skills are communicative abilities, teamwork, adaptability, empathy, proactivity, self-criticism and flexibility in the face of changing situations(AU)

Implementación de un modelo de aula invertida para el autoaprendizaje de la ingeniería tisular en el grado de Farmacia / Implementation of a flipped learning classroom model for self-learning of tissue engineering in the Pharmacy degree

Introducción: El presente trabajo describe y evalúa la implementación de un modelo de aula invertida en la materia de Histología para el aprendizaje de ingeniería tisular en el grado de Farmacia con el objetivo de incorporar dichos conocimientos ante su escasa presencia en dicho grado. Sujetos y métodos: El modelo consiste en intercalar en el curso ordinario de Histología del grado de Farmacia un módulo de autoaprendizaje inverso. Participan 110 alumnos que responden a un cuestionario sobre ámbitos conceptuales, procedimentales y actitudinales al comienzo y al final del proceso. Los resultados se analizan estadísticamente. Resultados: Los resultados muestran valores superiores en la evaluación final con respecto a la evaluación inicial. Esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa (p < 0,05) tanto en mujeres y hombres como en el total de estudiantes. Los valores obtenidos fueron decrecientes desde el componente actitudinal hasta el componente conceptual. En el componente procedimental, se obtienen valores intermedios. Conclusión: Los valores más elevados observados en los componentes actitudinal y procedimental, tras la implementación del modelo propuesto, ponen de relieve la necesidad de incrementar el componente conceptual en la formación de la ingeniería tisular en el currículo de farmacia.(AU)

Introduction: This paper describes and evaluates the implementation of a flipped learning model in the discipline of histology for learning tissue engineering contents in the Pharmacy degree, with the aim of incorporating this knowledge for the scarce presence of such matter in that degree. Subjects and methods: The model consists of inserting in the ordinary course of Histology of the pharmacy degree an inverse self-learning module. A questionnaire on conceptual, procedural and attitudinal fields was answered by the 110 students involved in the study at the beginning and end of the process. Results were statistically analysed. Results: The results after the implementation of the flipped learning model show statistically significant higher values (p < 0.05) in the final evaluation both in female and male and in all the students with decreasing values from those reached for the attitudinal component to those reached by the conceptual component. In the procedural component, intermediate values are obtained. Conclusion: The highest values observed in the attitudinal and procedural components, after the implementation of the proposed model, highlight the need to increase the conceptual component in the formation of tissue engineering in the pharmacy curriculum.(AU)

Medical students' pattern of self-directed learning prior to and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic period and its implications for Free Open Access Meducation within the United Kingdom

PURPOSE: Self-directed learning (SDL) has been increasingly emphasized within medical education. However, little is known about the SDL resources medical students use. This study aimed to identify patterns in medical students' SDL behaviors, their SDL resource choices, factors motivating these choices, and the potential impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on these variables. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey comprising multiple-choice, ranked, and free-text response questions were disseminated to medical students across all 41 UK medical schools between April and July 2020. Independent study hours and sources of study materials prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared. Motivational factors guiding resource choices and awareness of Free Open Access Meducation were also investigated. Results: The target sample was 75 students per medical school across a total of 41 medical schools within the United Kingdom (3,075 total students), and 1,564 responses were analyzed. University-provided information comprised the most commonly used component of independent study time, but a minority of total independent study time. Independent study time increased as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic (P<0.001). All sub-cohorts except males reported a significant increase in the use of resources such as free websites and question banks (P<0.05) and paid websites (P<0.05) as a result of the pandemic. Accessibility was the most influential factor guiding resource choice (Friedman's µrank=3.97, P<0.001). Conclusion: The use of learning resources independent of university provision is increasing. Educators must ensure equitable access to such materials while supporting students in making informed choices regarding their independent study behaviors.

Assessment of Pathology Learning Modules With Virtual Microscopy in a Preclinical Medical School Curriculum.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the ability of pathology modules to promote learning of pathology-related course content in a preclinical medical education curriculum. METHODS: Pathology modules were created for the "Hematology/Oncology" and "Women's Health" (WH) courses. Students were recruited over 2 consecutive academic years; cohorts 1 and 2 refer to 2 separate groups of students in years 1 and 2, respectively, of the study. Course performance data were collected. RESULTS: Use of pathology modules resulted in a statistically significant higher correlation between performance on the final examination and pathology-related questions in the Hematology/Oncology course and written examination and pathology-related questions in cohort 1 in the WH course. There was statistically significant improvement (P = .026) on pathology-related laboratory practical examination questions in the WH course for cohort 1, and no other statistically significant improvement for the other cohorts and examinations. The percentage of students completing all or part of the modules was highest in the WH course for cohort 1 (60%) compared with WH course cohort 2 (33%) and Hematology/Oncology cohort 1 (30%) and cohort 2 (39%). CONCLUSIONS: Pathology modules may improve acquisition and retention of pathology-related course content when used appropriately.

Implementation of self-directed learning within clinical clerkships.

Background: The main aim of medical curricula is to prepare students for the first day at the work place. While teaching clinical competence is pivotal, clinical clerkships are often the last chance to close knowledge gaps with the help of clinical teachers. Self-directed learning is a dynamic field for research within medical education, though its curricular implementation is rare. This study focuses on the needs assessment of clinical clerkships using the concept of self-directed learning. Methods: The study comprised an educational experience at the Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU) Munich. Medical students (n=1446, 59% female) in their second clinical year were instructed to specify learning objectives (LOs) by Doran`s SMART criteria and to gauge the probability of their fulfilment prior to the mandatory clerkship. In a second questionnaire one week later, the students rated the actual subjective fulfilment of the LOs. Data was coded with regards to the German National Catalogue of Competence-Based Learning Objectives for Undergraduate Medical Education (NKLM) and investigated qualitatively. Factors that determine goal achievement were collected and coded binary (barrier vs. enabler). Univariate analysis was used when appropriate. Results: The acquisition of "clinically practical abilities" (29%), "diagnostic methods" (21%) and "professional communication" (13%) were the LOs mentioned most. Throughout the week, subjective fulfilment diminished. Rich (vs. poor) availability to "practical exercise" (31%), "engagement of the physicians and other medical staff" (27%) and "personal initiative" (23%) resulted in higher subjective fulfilment. Conclusions: The self-chosen LOs reflect the needs of students for which the clinical teacher should be prepared. Considering these findings, it seems possible to close practical training gaps. We support the consideration of establishing curricular anchored self-directed learning in clinical clerkships. Further empirical studies would be beneficial in revealing its positive effects on the learning progress.

El estudio y trabajo independientes en la mira de la educación médica superior cubana / Independent study and homework in the spotlight of cuban medical higher education

Introducción: El estudio y trabajo independientes como unidad dialéctica en el proceso pedagógico desarrollan la actividad cognoscitiva del estudiante. Objetivo: Identificar las aproximaciones teóricas sobre el estudio y el trabajo independientes del estudiante en el contexto de las ciencias médicas en Cuba. Métodos: La gestión de información se enmarcó en la biblioteca virtual electrónica de las revistas médicas cubanas durante 2011-2018, a partir de los descriptores: estudio independiente y "trabajo independiente". El análisis de la información se realizó con los siguientes indicadores: autor, año, propósitos, muestra, medición, intervención, resultados y hallazgos. La unidad de análisis tuvo en cuenta al estudiante y al profesor en la formación inicial y continua. Para el tratamiento matemático de la información se empleó el cálculo porcentual. Resultados: Se consultaron en total 28 artículos sobre ambas categorías: el 78,5 por ciento referidos al trabajo independiente y el resto al estudio independiente. Estos se centraron en la dirección del trabajo independiente y las orientaciones metodológicas, fundamentalmente, en la carrera de medicina (31,8 por ciento). Los principales resultados se revelaron a nivel descriptivo (45,4 por ciento) y de transformación social (18,1 por ciento). Los hallazgos se enfocaron en la efectividad de ambas categorías en el rendimiento académico, la motivación, la independencia, la creatividad y responsabilidad ante las tareas docentes de carácter profesional, problematizador e integral, así como en la preparación docente para su dirección. Conclusiones: Ambas categorías mostraron limitaciones en la formación inicial y continua, lo cual significó un reto pedagógico, ante la necesidad de preparar al docente para que forme a un profesional con la calidad requerida(AU)

Introduction: Independent study and homework as a dialectical unit in the pedagogical process develop the student's cognitive activity. Objective: To identify the theoretical approaches about independent study and homework developed by the student in the context of medical sciences in Cuba. Methods: Information management was framed within the electronic virtual library of Cuban medical journals during 2011-2018, using the descriptors estudio independiente [independent study] and trabajo independiente [independent homework]. Information analysis was carried out using the following indicators: author, year, purposes, sample, measurement, intervention, results and findings. The unit of analysis took into account both the student and the professor in initial and continuing training. The mathematical processing of the information was carried out using percentage calculation. Results: A total of 28 articles on both categories were consulted: 78.5 percent referred to independent homework and the rest to independent study. These focused on the direction of independent homework and methodological orientations, mainly in the medical major (31.8 percent). The main results were observed at the descriptive level (45.4 percent) and the level of social transformation (18.1 percent). The findings focused on the effectiveness of both categories in academic performance, motivation, independence, creativity and responsibility for teaching tasks with a professional, problematizing and comprehensive character, as well as on the professor's preparation for their direction. Conclusions: Both categories showed limitations in initial and continuous training, which meant a pedagogical challenge, given the need to prepare the professor to train a professional with the required quality(AU)

The efficacy and mechanisms of a guided self-help intervention based on mindfulness in patients with breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) can alleviate psychological distress in patients with cancer. However, face-to-face MBIs may be inconvenient for patients. Therefore, guided self-help interventions may be more accessible. The authors investigated the effects of a guided self-help MBI for depression, anxiety, and sleep disorder symptoms in patients with breast cancer and explored the potential underlying mechanisms. METHODS: One hundred forty-four postoperative patients with breast cancer were randomly assigned to an intervention group (6-week guided self-help MBI; n = 72) or a wait-list control group (routine treatment; n = 72). Self-reported depression, anxiety, sleep disorder symptoms, and rumination and worry as potential mediators were assessed at baseline and postintervention. Outcomes were then assessed at 1-month and 3-month follow-up. The intervention's effects over time and the potential mediating effect were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Registry (ChiCTR-IOR-16008073). RESULTS: Significant improvements in depression and sleep disorder symptoms occurred in the intervention group compared with wait-list controls, and the improvements were maintained at 1-month and 3-month follow-up. Changes in rumination and worry mediated the intervention's effects on changes in depression and sleep disorder symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: A guided self-help MBI reduced depressive and sleep disorder symptoms by mitigating rumination and worry in patients with breast cancer. These findings support benefits of this accessible psychological intervention in oncology and provide insight into possible mechanisms of action. The current research contributes to discovering effective and widely accessible means for people with physical health conditions and may remove barriers that otherwise would have precluded participation in face-to-face psychological interventions.

COVID-19: ensuring safe clinical teaching at university optometry schools.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been spreading across the globe for several months. The nature of the virus (SARS-CoV-2) with easy person-to-person transmissions and the severe clinical course observed in some people necessitated unprecedented modifications of everyday social interactions. These included the temporary suspension of considerable elements of clinical teaching at optometry schools worldwide. This article describes the challenges optometry schools were facing in early to mid 2020. The paper highlights the experiences of six universities in five countries on four continents. Strategies to minimise the risk of virus transmission, to ensure safe clinical optometric teaching and how to overcome the challenges presented by COVID-19 are described. An outlook on opportunities to further improve optometric education is provided.

Identifying Entrustable Professional Activities for Shared Decision Making in Postgraduate Medical Education: A National Delphi Study.

PURPOSE: Although shared decision making (SDM) is considered the preferred approach in medical decision making, it is currently not routinely used in clinical practice. To bridge the transfer gap between SDM training and application, the authors aimed to reach consensus on entrustable professional activities (EPAs) for SDM and associated behavioral indicators as a framework to support self-directed learning during postgraduate medical education. METHOD: Using existing literature on SDM frameworks and competencies; input from an interview study with 17 Dutch experts in SDM, doctor-patient communication, and medical education; and a national SDM expert meeting as a starting point, in 2017, the authors conducted a modified online Delphi study with a multidisciplinary Dutch panel of 32 experts in SDM and medical education. RESULTS: After 3 Delphi rounds, consensus was reached on 4 EPAs-(1) the resident discusses the desirability of SDM with the patient, (2) the resident discusses the options for management with the patient, (3) the resident explores the patient's preferences and deliberations, and (4) the resident takes a well-argued decision together with the patient. Consensus was also reached on 18 associated behavioral indicators. Of the 32 experts, 30 (94%) agreed on this list of SDM EPAs and behavioral indicators. CONCLUSIONS: The authors succeeded in developing EPAs and associated behavioral indicators for SDM for postgraduate medical education to improve the quality of SDM training and the application of SDM in clinical practice. These EPAs are characterized as process EPAs for SDM in contrast with content EPAs related to diverse medical complaints. A next step is the implementation of the SDM EPAs in existing competency-based workplace curricula.